Everything below concerns reverse-phase HPLC. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Last reviewed on 2025-12-22. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Naming for this compound is not fully standardised in English sources. The spelling Selanc appears in some transliterations, and catalogue entries may instead list the peptide sequence itself as the identifier. Reference material sometimes groups it with other short synthetic peptides studied for behavioural effects, which can create confusion when citations are compared. Distinguishing the exact sequence from related tuftsin analogues is therefore a practical first step when reviewing any dataset or specification sheet.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, frequently abbreviated as TKPRPGP. It was designed as a structural analogue of tuftsin, a naturally occurring tetrapeptide released by enzymatic cleavage of the immunoglobulin heavy chain. The two additional proline residues at the C-terminal end extend the parent chain and change how the molecule behaves in solution. The free peptide has a calculated molecular mass of approximately 751.9 g/mol and is generally supplied as a lyophilised white to off-white powder.
Reported activity for Selank centers on anxiolytic and nootropic effects. Russian clinical reports describe use in anxiety and in cognitive or attention-related complaints. Most of this evidence comes from studies conducted by the same research groups that developed the peptide. Independent replication in other countries remains limited, and no major Western regulatory agency has approved the compound for any indication. The gap between local reports and external verification is a recurring point in discussions of the peptide.
Tuftsin, the parent structure, is a naturally occurring immunomodulatory tetrapeptide released from the Fc region of immunoglobulin G by spleen enzymes. Selank extends this four-residue sequence with three additional amino acids. The stated rationale is that the added tail slows enzymatic breakdown and may influence receptor interactions. How the full heptapeptide behaves at the molecular level is not firmly established, and proposed mechanisms often involve indirect modulation of neurotransmitter or immune signaling rather than a single defined target.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide developed in Russia. Its sequence is Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, a seven-residue chain built around the natural tetrapeptide tuftsin. Researchers at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences first described the compound in the mid-1990s. The design combined the tuftsin core with an added Pro-Gly-Pro tail, a modification intended to extend the molecule's stability in biological fluids. Published work on the peptide has appeared mainly in Russian-language journals.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic heptapeptide | Tuftsin analogue |
| Sequence | Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro | Single-letter form: TKPRPGP |
| Molecular formula | C33H57N11O9 | Calculated for the free peptide |
| Molecular weight | About 751.9 g/mol | Derived from the sequence |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical lyophilised form |
Peptide bonds are vulnerable to protease attack, and Selank is no exception. Measured half-life in serum is short, on the order of minutes in several reports, which explains why intranasal administration is the common route described in the literature. Absorption across the nasal mucosa partially bypasses first-pass hepatic metabolism. Quantitative data on human bioavailability remain limited and are difficult to compare across studies.
Lyophilised material kept dry at minus 20 degrees Celsius or colder is the most stable form, and suppliers commonly state a shelf life of two years or more under those conditions. Once dissolved, degradation accelerates through hydrolysis and deamidation, particularly at alkaline pH or elevated temperature. Working solutions are usually divided into single-use aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. The choice of reconstitution solvent affects both stability and the ionic strength of the final preparation.
Selank is a hydrophilic peptide and dissolves readily in water and in aqueous buffers. The lyophilised powder is typically a white to off-white solid. Because short peptides are prone to hydrolysis and oxidation, handling benefits from limiting exposure to heat, moisture and strong light. Working solutions are commonly prepared in sterile water or saline, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles are avoided to reduce aggregation and loss of activity. These practices reflect general laboratory convention rather than published stability specifications.
Dry powder is normally held at -20 degrees Celsius or lower, in a sealed container with desiccant and protection from light. Reconstituted solutions are usually kept at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius for short periods and frozen for longer ones. Proline residues at several positions are generally associated with some resistance to peptidase attack, but chemical stability still declines at neutral to alkaline pH and at elevated temperature. Exact shelf-life figures are product-specific and are not standardised across suppliers.
Identity and purity are usually assessed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, with mass spectrometry used to confirm molecular mass and sequence information. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping may supplement these methods. Certified reference standards are scarce, and many commercial lots are sold as research chemicals without a pharmacopoeial monograph. Regulatory treatment differs by country: Selank is a registered prescription medicine in Russia, while in the European Union and the United States it is not an approved drug and may fall under research-chemical or unapproved-product frameworks.
Proposed mechanisms centre on the GABAergic system. Animal and tissue studies report changes in GABA-A receptor expression and reduced activity of GABA transaminase, the enzyme that degrades GABA. Effects on monoamine turnover, including serotonin and dopamine pathways, are also described, and a separate line of work links the peptide to increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in hippocampal tissue. Most of these findings come from rodent models and cell preparations. How the individual observations combine into a single coherent mode of action is not settled.
Pharmacokinetic data are sparse and largely derived from animal work. After intranasal administration the peptide appears in plasma within minutes, and reported half-lives are short, on the order of minutes to tens of minutes. Degradation proceeds through ordinary proteolytic cleavage into constituent amino acids and smaller fragments. Direct evidence that intact Selank reaches brain tissue in meaningful amounts is limited, and the extent of blood-brain barrier penetration is debated. Some authors argue that fragments, not the parent peptide, carry much of the observed activity.
transcytosis The transport of molecules across the interior of a cell, i.e. through the cytoplasm, especially a polarized cell such as an epithelial cell with contrasting apical and basal surfaces, thereby providing a spatially oriented transport system. Molecules undergoing transcytosis are usually contained within vesicles.
That promise is null and void if Zverev – and the media – isn't willing to be honest." At the beginning of the 2024 Australian Open, a court official announced that Zverev was scheduled to stand trial before the Tiergarten District Court in Berlin. The timing of the announcement, combined with Zverev's semifinal run at the tournament, brought heightened interest in and scrutiny of the allegations from both the press and the public. The trial began on 31 May 2024. On 7 June 2024, the third day of the trial, the judge agreed to a request by the public prosecution office, endorsed by the alleged victim, to provisionally terminate the proceedings subject to the condition that Zverev pay €200,000, of which €150,000 would go to the German State Treasury and €50,000 to charitable organizations. The trial therefore concluded without a finding of guilt. The prosecutor's request to terminate the proceedings followed an out-of-court agreement between Zverev and the alleged victim, the terms of which were not disclosed. According to his counsel, Zverev entered into the agreement "to put a quick end to the proceedings – above all in the interest of their child", emphasizing that the agreement "includes no determination or admission of guilt".
=== Disorders of amino-acid transport and metabolism === 270 Disorders of amino-acid transport and metabolism 270.0 Disturbances of amino-acid transport Cystinosis Cystinuria Hartnup disease 270.1 Phenylketonuria (PKU) 270.1 Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency 270.2 Other disturbances of aromatic amino-acid metabolism Albinism Alkaptonuria Hypertyrosinemia Ochronosis Waardenburg syndrome 270.3 Disturbances of branched-chain amino-acid metabolism Isobutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency Isovaleric acidemia Maple syrup urine disease Methylmalonic acidemia Propionic acidemia 270.4 Disturbances of sulphur-bearing amino-acid metabolism Homocystinuria 270.5 Disorders of histidine metabolism Carnosinemia Histidinemia Hyperhistidinemia Imidazole aminoaciduria Urocanic aciduria 270.6 Disorders of urea cycle metabolism Citrullinemia Hyperammonemia 270.7 Disorders of straight-chain amino-acid metabolism Hyperlysinemia Pipecolic acidemia Saccharopinuria 270.8 Other specified disorders of amino-acid metabolism Trimethylaminuria
Unsuccessful treatment procedure which can lead to recurrent defect Post-treatment infection Barrier membrane being worn away, caused by e.g. traumatic toothbrushing Vitality of tooth being compromised in furcation-involved teeth Unfavourable gingival adaptation which can be of aesthetic concern Dentine hypersensitivity Requirement for long term professional maintenance
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Senegal and Mauritania == El Hadj Umar Tall (1797–1864) – religious leader from the Tijani Sufi Order from Senegal. Founder of the Toucouleur Empire Ahmadou Tall (1836–1897) – Second Sultan of the Toucouleur Empire Sulayman Bal (1726–1776) – Islamic scholar and war commander from the Futa Toro in Senegal Macky Sall – former president of Senegal; Chairman of the African Union Abdoulaye Baldé (politician)- Politician, former secretary-general of the presidency, Mayor of Ziguinchor, Senegal Abdoulaye Saydou Sow - Former Minister of Urban Planning, Housing and Public Hygiene Abdou Rachid Thiam - Biophysicist, research director at French National Centre for Scientific Research. Abdourahmane Sow- Politician, former Minister and former vice-president of the National Assembly Senegal. Abou Lô - Former Minister of Communication, Telecommunications and ICT, Senegal. Abdoulaye Bibi Baldé - Former Minister of Communication, Telecommunications, Posts and Digital Ecosystem Ahmadou Bamba Ba – Religious leader, Senegal Amadou Kane - Former Minister of Economy and Finance, Senegal. Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow - Former director general of UNESCO, First African to Lead a Global Institution. Mame Madior Boye - First Female prime minister of Senegal. Aïssata Kane – former Mauritanian politician who was the country's first female government minister and women's rights activist. Amadou Ba- Politician. Current prime minister, former minister of foreign affairs, former Minister of Economy and Finance, Senegal Amadou Hott - Senegalese economist.
having an acceptable treatment protocol in place that changes the outcome for patients diagnosed early with the disease an understanding of the condition's natural history an understanding about who will be treated as a patient a screening test that is reliable for both affected and unaffected patients and is acceptable to the public As diagnostic techniques have progressed, debates have arisen as to how screening programs should adapt. Tandem mass spectrometry has greatly expanded the potential number of diseases that can be detected, even without satisfying all of the other criteria used for making screening decisions. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a disease that has been added to screening programs in several jurisdictions around the world, despite the lack of evidence as to whether early detection improves the clinical outcome for a patient.
== History == The marketing start date for Cetacaine was January 1, 1960, but benzocaine was first produced in 1890 by German scientist 1890 by Eduard Ritsert. Cetacaine is mainly used in the dental field but has seen use as well in the medical field when dealing with small surgeries on or around mucous membranes. Benzocaine-based anesthetics (which includes Cetacaine) have started to come under scrutiny by the FDA. In 2006 the FDA has announced that benzocaine-based anesthetics can cause methemoglobinemia and with that listed warnings and precautions to take when dealing with benzocaine based drugs. The FDA also during this time started to take many Benzocaine based drugs that were not approved off the market and fining those companies they were under.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Gram Parsons died from a drug and alcohol overdose on September 19, 1973. He was 26 years old. In the late 1960s, Parsons began to vacation at Joshua Tree National Monument in southeastern California, where he used psychedelics and said he experienced UFO sightings. After splitting from Burrell, Parsons often spent his weekends there with Margaret Fisher and Phil Kaufman. Scheduled to resume touring in October 1973, Parsons decided to go on another recuperative excursion on September 17. Accompanying him were Fisher, his assistant Michael Martin, and Martin's girlfriend Dale McElroy. On both nights of their stay, Parsons retreated to the desert, consuming large amounts of alcohol and barbiturates, while the rest of the group visited bars in nearby Yucca Valley. On September 18, Martin drove back to Los Angeles to resupply the group with marijuana. That night, Parsons challenged Fisher and McElroy to drink with him; Fisher did not drink and McElroy was recovering from illness. Parsons said that he would drink for the three of them and drank six double tequilas. The three then went to the Joshua Tree Inn, where Parsons purchased morphine from an unknown woman; after being injected by her in Room No. 1, he overdosed. Fisher gave Parsons an ice cube suppository, and then a cold shower and moved him to Room No. 8. She put him to bed and went out to buy coffee in the hope of reviving him, leaving McElroy to stand guard. As his breathing became irregular and then ceased, McElroy attempted resuscitation. After all attempts failed, they called an ambulance.
Ondarza RN, Abney R, Lopez-Colome AM (1969). "Characterization of a NADPH-dependent coenzyme A-SS-glutathione reductase from yeast". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 191 (2): 239–48. doi:10.1016/0005-2744(69)90243-5. PMID 4390951. Ondarza RN, Escamilla E, Gutierrez J, De la Chica G (1974). "CoAS-Sglutathione and GSSG reductases from rat liver. Two disulfide oxidoreductase activities in one protein entity". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 341 (1): 162–71. doi:10.1016/0005-2744(74)90076-x. PMID 4151341. Carlberg I, Mannervik B (1977). "Purification by affinity chromatography of yeast glutathione reductase, the enzyme responsible for the NADPH-dependent reduction of the mixed disulfide of coenzyme A and glutathione". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 484 (2): 268–74. doi:10.1016/0005-2744(77)90083-3. PMID 334266.
=== Pharmacokinetics === The oral bioavailability of setipiprant is 44% in rats and 55% in dogs, which suggests that it should be orally bioavailable in humans. The half-life of setipiprant in humans is about 11 hours. The maximum concentration in plasma (Cmax) is 6.04 and 6.44 mcg/mL for setipiprant tablets and capsules respectively, with an area under the curve of 31.88 and 31.50 mcg×hours/mL for setipiprant tablets and capsules respectively. Cmax was reached between 1.8–4 hours after oral administration. The tablet and capsule formulations are bioequivalent.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The sequence is Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, commonly written as TKPRPGP. It shares the first four residues with tuftsin and carries three prolines in the chain. The proline-rich tail is the main structural feature that separates it from the parent tetrapeptide.
Selank is a synthetic analogue built on the tuftsin tetrapeptide Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg. Extra proline residues were added to the C-terminus during design work. That modification is intended to make the peptide less vulnerable to rapid enzymatic degradation.
Transliteration from Russian produces variant spellings such as Selanc. Many suppliers avoid the trade-style name entirely and list the peptide sequence. Comparing sequences rather than names is the reliable way to confirm two entries describe the same molecule.
Selank is a synthetic peptide made of seven amino acids. It is modeled on tuftsin, a natural tetrapeptide, with an added three-residue tail. It is not a small-molecule drug.